We are going to cover complete list of VoLTE IMS KPI and performance Indicators . This includes :-
VoLTE IMS Control Plane KPI
RSR : Registration Success Ratio (%)
CSSR : Call Setup Success Rate (%)
CST : Call Setup Time (s)
MHT/ACD : Average Call duration (s)
VoLTE IMS User Plane KPI
Mute Rate (%)
MOS Score (1-5)
RTP Packet Loss (%)
One Way Calls (%)
Packet Core 4G Network LTE KPI
Volte Attach Success Rate (%)
VoLTE QCI=5 Paging Success Rate (%)
Dedicated Bearer Activation Success Rate (%)
IMS IP POOL Utilization (%)
Create Bearer Success Rate (%)
Radio VoLTE KPI
Call Drop rate (%)
SRVCC Success Rate (%)
Handover SR (%)
VoLTE KPI Overview
Welcome to this tutorial of KPI & Performance Indicators for VoLTE IMS Network . KPI stands for Key Performance Indicator & KPI is a type of performance measurement that helps you understand how your network is performing . In simple words , This represents the result and Score card of your Network . Every Operator decide which set of KPIs to be monitored based on market situations & network state . Here , I am covering exhaustive mandatory KPI list which is used almost everywhere in all the Operators ranging from AT&T USA to Korea to Japan to India to Middle East & Europe . The KPIs are classified into various categories such as Accessibility , Retainability , Integrity , Availability , Reliability , Utilization , Mobility etc..
For End to End VoLTE IMS network performance , You need KPI & Counters from all Network elements responsible to provide VoLTE IMS Service . This involves KPIs from S-CSCF / TAS which typically governs Signaling & call routing function
Similarly KPIs of SBC & P-CSCF will provide you Insights of User plane which carries actual voice speech . You can see quality of voice payload traffic such as MOS , Mute Calls , One Way Calls etc .. by looking on these SBC KPI .
Few Operator uses External probes to get these KPIs as well .
On Other hand , You also need to see KPIs of Packet Core and Radio which plays vital role in maintaining user Mobility & dedicated bearer used for VoLTE IMS Service
I am going to cover enough material on VoLTE KPI for General understanding , However you can refer Specs 3GPP TS 32.454 , TS 32.409 & GSMA IR.42 for advanced studies
VoLTE IMS KPIs & Performance indicators
These are Real KPIs used for VoLTE IMS Network :-
The 1st One is TAS KPIs which provides clear insight on Signaling related KPIs such as CSSR – Call Setup Success Rate , CST – Call Setup Time & MHT/ACD – Average Call duration
The 2nd One is SBC KPIs which gives us plenty of User Plane KPIs related with Speech Quality such as MOS Score , Mute Rate , RTP Packet Loss & One Way Calls
This One is SGW / PGW KPI which gives us Bearer specific intelligence & KPIs
Next One is MME / SGW / PGW KPIs provides us Attach , Mobility & Paging specific KPIs such as VoLTE ASR – Volte Attach Success Rate , VoLTE PSR – Paging Success Rate , Dedicated Bearer Activation Success Rate
The last but most critical are Radio KPIs provided by EnodeB . These covers VoLTE Call Drop rate , SRVCC Success Rate , Handover SR : S1 , X2
Let’s understand these KPIs in Detail moving ahead
VoLTE Control Plane Performance KPIs
We will start with detailed understanding of VoLTE Control Plane Performance KPIs . These are generated by P-CSCF & TAS
P-CSCF KPI
RSR which stands for Registration Success Ratio (%)
TAS Generates rest of KPIs such as
CSSR Call Setup Success Rate (%)
CST Call Setup Time (s)
MHT/ACD Average Call duration (s)
RSR – VoLTE Registration Success Rate (%)
RSR – VoLTE Registration Success Rate (%)
RSR is also called as Registration Success Rate . This is key KPI used to depict the probability of UE successfully registering to IMS Network ,If this KPI is degraded , Customers will not be able to use VoLTE Services due failures in Registration
RSR is calculated as % of SIP Registration Request getting successful . Once Registration is successful , The IMS network will reply back with 200 OK Message back to UE . Please Note , The First SIP REGISTER request will always fail with Error 401 which is part of call flow . Refer my another tutorial on SIP Registration for more details on same . While Calculating RSR , We exclude & ignore 401 Failures and Consider all other SIP Errors for calculation of RSR
This is measured in % . The healthy value of RSR is 99%+
This KPI is categorized under family of Accessibility KPIs
Source of this KPI is P-CSCF , However , this can also be generated by S-CSCF
Here is actual Call flow where request goes all the way from UE to P-CSCF to IMS Core & 200 OK Response is tagged as successful
CSSR – Call Setup Success Rate – MO , MT (%)
CSSR – Call Setup Success Rate – MO , MT (%)
CSSR tells you how easily users are able to make or receive calls on VoLTE Network . CSSR stands for Call Setup Success Rate . This is calculated separately for Outgoing MO & Incoming MT Calls . The CSSR indicates the probability of successful calls initiated or received by the user . With Low CSSR , Customers will not be able to use make or Received VoLTE Calls
Outgoing or MO Call CSSR is calculated as % Calls of able to use network without any problem . Here we count calls failed due to user behavior such Busy , not reachable etc.. also in Normal Call ending or success . Calls failed due to Network issues will be treated as failure and will degrade CSSR
This is measured in % . The healthy value of CSSR is 99%+
This KPI is categorized under family of Integrity and retainability KPIs
Typical Source of this KPI is TAS , However , this can also be generated by P-CSCF
Here is actual Call flow which shows request gone thru handset & responses from IMS Network
CST – Call Setup Time (s)
CST – Call Setup Time (s)
The 3rd critical KPI in IMS VoLTE Network is CST or Call Setup Time . CST is overall length of time required to establish a circuit-switched call between users . CST is Time between the start of the call and the moment the phone of the called party starts ringing. In other words CST or PDD is considered as the time required for call to pass thru Network and reaches B Party User . This is calculated as Difference between Ringing Time to Invite Time . High CST will lead to delays & Silence period before Ring, High CST will obviously will deteriorate user experience
This is measured in Seconds . The healthy value of CST is Less than 2.5s
This KPI is categorized under family of Integrity and retainability KPIs
Typical Source of this KPI is TAS
There could very high CST which degrades user experience due to below reasons :-
B party user is not in VoLTE , It will use 2G / 3G and CSFB for which Call Setup time is high
B Party is Idle & Need to connect with Paging Required
B Party is in low coverage
Congestion in B Party Radio or Network
High Re-Transmission & High Latency in Network
MHT or ACD – Average Call Duration (s)
MHT or ACD – Average Call Duration (s)
Let’s discuss Mean Holding time or Average Call Duration . ACD is the average length of an answered call made over the network . This KPI falls under family of Control plane but reveals very important information about user plane , Let’s take example , If Avg Call Duration have reduced in your network , This means that calls are being answered but there is some issue with Speech path . Low ACD or Low MHT shows either calls are getting mute or Its One Way Speech or Voice Quality is very bad leading to users forced to disconnect the call much earlier
Clear Code Monitoring in TAS
Clear Code Monitoring in TAS
Monitoring Clear Codes generated by TAS is best way to know health and Pulse of Network . By Definition … A clear code is the identifier code of the reason to clear a call . This not only tells us about Internal Network Call failures but also Highlights failures happening out side in other Operator Networks as well
Clear Code or End of Selection (EOS) Report depicts possible reason for failure of call . This is complete list of cause codes which tell us exact reason why call failed . Let’s take example , If we see sudden spike in CC34 No Circuit Channel Available .. This shows congestion in Network where calls are not able to move ahead
Benefits Uses of Clear Codes based Monitoring
It provides Complete Check on Outgoing call made by Users both External / Internal
It Detect failures at Early stage , Any major outbreak of Clear codes gives us Alert on Network Outage
You can get list of clear Codes from Specs GSM 04.08 ( Annexure H )
001 Unassigned (unallocated) number
002 No route to specific transit network
003 No route to destination
004 Send special info tone
005 Misdialled trunk prefix
006 Channel unacceptable
007 Call awarded and being delivered in establ.channel
008 Operator determined barring
009 Preemption – circuit reserved for reuse
016 Normal call clearing
017 User busy
018 No user responding
019 No answer from user (user alerted)
020 Subscriber absent
021 Call rejected
022 Number changed
026 Non-selected user clearing
027 Destination out of order
028 Invalid number format
029 Facility rejected
030 Response to STATUS ENQUIRY
031 Normal, unspecified
034 No circuit/channel available
038 Network out of order
039 Permanent frame mode connection out of service
040 Permanent frame mode connection operational
041 Temporary failure
042 Switching equipment congestion
043 Access information discarded
044 Requested channel/circuit not available
046 Precedence call blocked
047 Resource unavailable
049 Requested facility not subscribed
050 Requested facility not subscribed
053 Outgoing calls barred within CUG
055 Incoming calls barred within CUG
057 Bearer capability not authorized
058 Bearer capability not presently available
062 Inconsistency in designed outg. access inf. and subscr. class
063 Service or option not available, unspecified
065 Bearer capability not implemented
066 Channel type not implemented
068 ACM equal to or greater than ACMmax
069 Req.facility not implemented
069 Requested facility not implemented
070 Only restricted digital bearer cap. is available
079 Service or option not implemented, unspecified
081 Invalid call reference value
082 Identified channel does not exist
083 A suspended call exists, but this call identity does not
084 Call identity in use
085 No call suspended
086 Call having the requested call identity has been cleared
087 User not member of CUG
088 Incompatible destination
090 Non-existing CUG
091 Invalid transit network selection
095 Invalid message, unspecified
096 Mandatory information element is missing
097 Message type non-existing or not implemented
098 Message incompatible with call state or mesg type non-existent or not implemented
099 Information element non-existent or not implemented
100 Invalid information element contents
101 Message not compatible with call state
102 Recovery on timer expiry
103 Parameter non-existent or not implemented – passed on
110 Message with unrecognized parameter discarded “Protocol error, unspecified
113 Interworking, unspecified
VoLTE User Plane Performance KPIs
VoLTE User Plane Performance KPIs
Now , We will discuss understanding of VoLTE User Plane Performance KPIs . These are generated by SBC / P-CSCF or External Packet Captures Probes deployed in network
Mute Rate (%)
MOS Score (1-5)
RTP Packet Loss (%)
One Way Calls (%)
VoLTE Mute Rate (%)
VoLTE Mute Rate (%)
Mute Calls is measurement of % of Calls where call are getting mute in both direction . Going by Formulae ,this is % of Calls Muted i.e. samples > 2 or 5s RTP loss in both direction will be treated as Muted call
Here also , This value of RTP Packets missing varies from 2 to 5 Seconds operator to Operator . Unavailability of Packets for 2 Seconds is very aggressive value & 5 Seconds is bit relaxed
This is measured in % . The healthy value of mute call is less than 1%
This KPI is categorized under family of VoLTE service integrity (voice quality)
This KPI is generated in External Probes monitoring RTP Packets or SBC
MOS Score ( 1 to 5 )
MOS Score ( 1 to 5 )
The Most Important Metric of Mean Opinion Score is a measure of voice quality, MOS has been used in telephony for decades as a way to assess the human users opinion of call quality .A Low MOS tell us that speech Quality is bad
MOS is expressed in numeric from 1 to 5 , 1 being the worst and 5 the best. MOS is very very subjective, as it is based figures that result from what is perceived by people
The Mean Opinion Score Values
5 – Perfect. Like face-to-face conversation
4 – Fair , Some Quality issues , but sound still clear. This is (supposedly) the range for cell phones.
3 – Annoying
2 – Very annoying. Nearly impossible to communicate
1 – Impossible to communicate
Our Target should be to keep MOS Better than 3.5 & Its is measured by SBC Typically
By its very name “Opinion”, the MOS, Mean Opinion Score was a subjective measurement used to test the listener’s perception of the voice quality, and clarity of the communication . During measurement , All factors are taken in account such as Listening Quality , Transmission Quality , Conversational Quality
It’s important to understand that the MOS score is measured on a relative scale, built on a variety of factors that can affect voice quality. Because of this, there are many factors that can affect the MOS score on VoIP system that would not be a factor on a regular phone line. These include :-
Bandwidth
Jitter
Latency
Packet Loss
Codec Used
VoLTE RTP Packet Loss %
VoLTE RTP Packet Loss %
VoLTE RTP Packet Loss is another important KPIs which measures % Percentage of RTP packets lost in the uplink or Downlink direction . High Packet loss will lead to Mutes , One Way talk , Call Drops , Bad Quality , Garbled Voice . In total , This problem is mother of evils for Bad Quality on VoLTE IMS Network
RTP Packet Loss is measured in % . The healthy value is less than 1%
This KPI is categorized under family of VoLTE service integrity (voice quality)
This KPI is generated in SBC
One Way Calls (%)
One Way Calls (%)
One Way Calls is measurement of % of Calls where call are getting mute in any one direction . Going by Formulae , This is % of Calls having no Voice RTP Packets Counts for 2 or 5 Sec in either the upstream or downstream direction, but not both . High number of one way call will lead to very bad user experience
This value of RTP Packets missing varies from 2 to 5 Seconds operator to Operator . Unavailability of Packets for 2 Seconds is very aggressive value & 5 Seconds is bit relaxed
This is measured in % . The healthy value of One way call is less than 1%
This KPI is categorized under family of VoLTE service integrity (voice quality)
This KPI is generated in External Probes monitoring RTP Packets or SBC
LTE / 4G – VoLTE KPIs & Performance indicators
LTE 4G – VoLTE KPIs & Performance indicators
Let’s discuss other KPIs being generated by Packet Capture network
MME Generates counter / KPIs associated with Mobility & Attach :-
VoLTE Attach Success Rate (%)
VoLTE QCI=5 Paging Success Rate (%)
Dedicated Bearer Activation Success Rate (%)
SGw / PGw also Generates counters associated with Bearers :-
IMS IP POOL Utilization (%)
Create Bearer Success Rate (%)
VoLTE Attach Success Rate (%) & VoLTE Bearer Activation Success Rate (%)
VoLTE Attach Success Rate (%) & VoLTE Bearer Activation Success Rate (%)
Let’s understand 2 important VoLTE IMS KPIs generated on MME / SGW ..
VoLTE Attach Success Rate : % of PDN Connect Request responded successfully by MME for IMS APN ( This is equivalent to Attach Request – Response )
VoLTE Bearer Activation Success Rate : % of Create Session request got successful
VoLTE PSR – Paging Success Rate (%)
VoLTE PSR – Paging Success Rate (%)
VoLTE PSR : VoLTE Paging Success Rate is rate of successful page responses to First and Repeated Page Attempts made for QCI=5 . Paging Success Rate is just like any paging request which is used to trace down user sitting idle out there in Field . For Every incoming call to VoLTE user , Paging is sent by MME to user on QCI=5 so that SIP Messages for Incoming calls can be sent to user
Low VoLTE PSR means user will not be able to receive VoLTE Incoming calls .
In case of Paging failure , T-ADS will happen and call be attempted on CS Fall Back .
More Number of T-ADS will hint us problem with VoLTE Paging
VoLTE IMS IP POOL Utilization (%)
VoLTE IMS IP POOL Utilization (%)
Just like Internet APN , There is IP Pool allocated to IMS APN as well . For any Dedicated bearer establishment for VoLTE Services , IP is allocated by PGW from this IP Pool of IMS APN . In case IP Pool Utilization is 100% , IMS VoLTE Users will not be able to Get IP Allocated for IMS APN & Will not be able to Register VoLTE , Thereby Users Will not be able to use VoLTE Network
We can allocate both IPv6 or IPv4 IP Pool to user for IMS
Radio / EnodeB KPIs
Radio – EnodeB KPIs
Radio Network EnodeB is also generating few critical KPIs required for overall health of VoLTE IMS Network . These KPIs are :-
Call Drop rate (%) : This tells us % of calls getting dropped abnormally . This is calculated on QCI=5 Bearers dropped abnormally
SRVCC Success Rate (%) : This tells us % of calls successfully transferred with SRVCC from VoLTE to 2G / 3G Network once user is moving on low LTE Coverage Zone
Handover SR (%) : Handover Success Rate on S1 & X2 is key to Mobility Services for VoLTE . This is measured at EnodeB
With this , Our KPI Journey is complete , Hope this will bring more value for you